Correction and Retraction

JPPDAS is committed to maintaining the accuracy and integrity of published articles. If errors or ethical issues are discovered, the journal will review the evidence and take appropriate action. Corrections and retractions are intended to improve the scientific record and provide clear information to readers.

1. Article Corrections (Correction)
A correction is published when an error or omission requires correction, but the main results and conclusions of the article remain reliable. Corrections may include author information, funding statements, conflicts of interest, references, tables, figures, or sections of text.
Requests for changes to authorship must follow the journal’s authorship policy. Typographical errors that do not affect the meaning generally do not require a formal correction notice.

2. Article Retraction
Retraction is considered when there is strong evidence that an article is unreliable or contains serious violations that cannot be resolved through corrections, including:
• Major errors, fabrication, or falsification that undermine the reliability of the results.
• Plagiarism or redundant publication without adequate disclosure.
• Unethical research or the use of material without proper authorization.
• Manipulation of the peer review process.
• Significant undisclosed conflicts of interest that substantially influence the evaluation of the article.
Retraction may result from unintentional errors or ethical violations. Authorship disputes alone generally do not constitute grounds for retraction if the content of the article remains credible.

3. Expression of Concern
The editor may publish an Expression of Concern if there are serious issues requiring readers’ attention, but the evidence is insufficient to determine a final course of action or the investigation is still ongoing.
This notice does not constitute a determination that a violation has been proven. Once the investigation is complete, the journal will publish a follow-up explaining the results.

4. Reporting and Review
Authors, readers, reviewers, or other parties may report issues through the journal’s official contact channel, including:
• The title and DOI or link to the article.
• The section in question.
• An explanation and supporting evidence.
• Suggested corrections, if available.
The editor will evaluate the report, request a response from the author, and involve independent experts or relevant institutions if necessary. Editors with a conflict of interest will not participate in the decision-making process.

5. Editorial Decisions
Decisions are based on evidence, the severity of the issue, and its impact on the article. Authors are given the opportunity to explain, but the author’s consent is not an absolute requirement for implementing necessary editorial actions.
The absence of a response from the author does not halt the review process. The decision and its rationale are communicated to the relevant parties.

6. Publication of Notices
Notices of corrections, concerns, or retractions must:
• Have a title that clearly indicates the type of action.
• Identify the relevant article.
• Explain the reasons for and scope of the action in a factual manner.
• List the party issuing the notice.
• Be freely accessible and linked to the article.
Substantive changes are not made silently. If the article file is updated, the date and revision history are recorded.

7. Status of Retracted Articles
Retracted articles remain available as part of the publication record with a clear “Retracted” label on the article page and file. The DOI is retained to ensure the publication history remains traceable.
Removal of content is considered only under exceptional circumstances, such as legal obligations or serious risks to privacy and safety. If removal is necessary, metadata and a notice explaining the reason for removal are retained to the extent permitted.

8. Appeals and Follow-Up
Authors may file an appeal with supporting reasons and additional evidence through the journal’s official contact channels. Appeals are reviewed independently of any conflicts of interest.
The journal will update the notification if new evidence emerges that alters the results of the review and, where possible, communicate the status change to the relevant indexing services.